AS SEEN IN Various Community Associations Institute Chapter Newsletters: Written by Industry Expert Gavin Ferris, Ecologist

I was on a genealogy website not long ago when I was reading about an ancestor, and this line stuck out to me: “…the first year after his return from the army he was able to do but little work, as he suffered greatly from fever and ague, which he had contracted in the service.” Fever and ague was, at the time, the terminology used to describe what we now call Malaria, and the war in which my ancestor contracted the disease was the American Civil War. He probably was bitten by an infected mosquito somewhere in Virginia.

Zika virus is making a lot of news lately, but mosquito-borne diseases are nothing new in the United States. Malaria was common over most of the country up through the 1800s, and wasn’t eradicated here until the early 1950s. Other mosquito-borne diseases such as West Nile Virus, and more recently Chikungunya, are currently carried by mosquitoes in the United States, and can pose a serious threat to public health. Preventing the transmission of mosquito-borne diseases, and the other unpleasant consequences of mosquito infestation, requires a proactive multi-pronged approach. It is important to understand the biology of the mosquitoes involved, their behavior, and how environmental conditions contribute to mosquito problems.

Memorial Day marked the unofficial beginning of summer—and the onset of mosquito season. Cold-blooded mosquitoes thrive in balmy temperatures and can get dangerously out of hand without proper management. To limit the impact of mosquitoes during summer travel and activities, SOLitude Lake Management, an industry leader in lake and pond management, fisheries management and related environmental services for the United States, recommends the following ecologically sustainable, preventative, and proactive measures to homeowners, landowners, golf courses and municipalities. 

Eliminate breeding habitats
Throughout her six- to eight-week lifespan, a female mosquito will lay about 300 eggs, often in standing or stagnant water. Clearing gutters, picking up litter and emptying buckets and small outdoor containers can help decrease the number of available habitats for mosquitoes to reproduce and thrive.

Circulate stagnant lakes and ponds
In aquatic environments such as lakes, ponds and stormwater basins, the introduction of aeration can help consistently circulate warm stagnant water and help create unfit mosquito breeding grounds. 

Mosquitoes are a royal pain that nobody wants to deal with. And in addition to being an annoyance, mosquitoes pose a serious threat to public health, as they transmit dangerous diseases like Zika and West Nile virus. Here are 10 ways to help reduce mosquitoes in and around your lake or pond, and throughout your community:

1. Remove cattails and other non-beneficial shoreline vegetation, which can provide breeding habitat for mosquitoes.

2. Maintain a buffer of beneficial vegetation, such as Pickerelweed and Cardinal Flower, to help provide habitat for mosquito predators like dragonflies.

Worldwide, mosquito-borne illnesses are a serious public health concern and affect nearly 700 million people each year. Zika virus (ZIKV), a relatively unknown and unstudied virus, has been a hot topic in the news over the past several months – and rightfully so. ZIKV has spread quickly through Latin America and the Caribbean, and over 800 travel related cases have been reported in the United States as of June 2016. There are major concerns surrounding Zika virus disease, particularly for pregnant women; therefore, it is important to understand ZIKV, how it’s spread and how it can be prevented.

Zika virus was first discovered in 1947 in the Zika Forest of Uganda. Prior to 2007, it had only been detected in central Africa and throughout Southeast Asia. However, in 2007, it was associated with a disease outbreak on Yap Island in the South Pacific, representing the first time it had spread outside of Asia. From there, it spread to South America with human cases first reported in 2014.

There are over 3,500 species of mosquitoes in the world, many of which carry infectious diseases such as West Nile Virus. Simple steps can be taken to protect your employees, community residents, or your family from mosquito borne disease. Aside from the obvious health benefits, these steps can make for a more enjoyable community, common area, and backyard as well.

Although wide area mosquito control is often considered the responsibility of the city, county, or municipality in which you live, often times these programs are non-existent, or woefully inadequate. It is actually something that many large sites should consider handling internally. Homeowners associations, golf courses, outdoor recreational facilities, industrial sites, commercial properties, and larger private land owners can all use this type of program to effectively and efficiently control nuisance and disease carrying mosquitos on their properties.

The harsh winter we have been experiencing has many of us longing for spring. Your pond(s) will once again become a focal point and gathering spot in your community when the warm weather arrives. Unfortunately, pesky mosquitoes begin to appear in the spring and try to ruin your ability to enjoy the outdoors. SOLitude is on stand-by to help you control the mosquito population in your pond with an affordable, unique, and natural solution.

AS SEEN IN Quorum, Community Associations Institute, June 2014: Written by Shannon Junior, Aquatic Ecologist

Lyme disease is the most common vector-borne illness reported in the United States, and Virginia and Maryland are among the 13 states in the union where more than 95 percent of the cases have been identified. The disease is caused by the organism Borrelia burgdorferi, a corkscrew-shaped bacterium of the spirochete group. The bacteria exist in very high levels in mammals such as white-footed mice and white-tailed deer, which are immune to the disease but are common hosts for hard-shelled ticks of the genus Ixodes. The disease lives in the midgut of the ticks and is transmitted when they feed on other hosts that are susceptible to the disease, such as humans and dogs.

AS SEEN IN various Community Associations Institute (CAI) publications, Spring 2014: Written by Industry Expert Matthew Phillips, Aquatic Biologist and Environmental Scientist 

Mosquitoes are one of the most infamous insects on the planet. And during the most precious times of year, they seem to be everywhere, constantly buzzing in our ears and showing up at the most inopportune times.

Mosquitoes start their life as an aquatic organism. Females will deposit their eggs in just about any form of standing water from ponds, puddles, tires, empty flower pots, and even water collected in stumps or leaves. A female can mate multiple times in her lifespan and may lay 100-200 total eggs. Most females will fly over the surface of water and drop her eggs, which will develop into larvae in a few days to weeks. Some larvae will breathe via spiracles, or small opening, but others will “hang” upside down just below the surface of the water and extend a siphon, which attaches to the underside of the surface water tension. This is why mosquito larvae thrive in very stagnant water.

To drastically reduce the ideal environments for mosquitoes to breed and live we recommend the following ecologically sustainable, preventative, and proactive mosquito control measures to homeowners, landowners, homeowner's associations, golf courses, and municipalities.

“After the wet season that much of the East Coast has experienced this winter and early spring, homeowners and community managers need to take extra care in eliminating or altering all environments that attract mosquitoes for breeding,” said David Beasley, Lead Fisheries Biologist with SOLitude Lake Management.

Winter has definitely shown us some varying weather this year which has many of us longing for spring. When warm temperatures approach, your pond(s) will once again become a focal point and gathering spot in your community.

Unfortunately, as spring arrives, pesky mosquitoes also begin to appear and try to ruin the warm weather fun. Implementing a mosquito control plan in early spring is your best bet for combating these pests throughout the summer. 

Reducing mosquito populations is a common goal for most pond owners. It is well known that mosquitoes can spread both diseases and viruses while also being a nuisance. Mosquitoes place their eggs on the surface of calm, stagnant water where they incubate and hatch. The more water movement in your pond, the less opportunity mosquitoes will have to reproduce. Therefore, ponds with aeration will have fewer calm areas available for mosquito reproduction, but unfortunately pockets of calm water may still be present. These pockets of calm water provide mosquitoes with the appropriate conditions needed to reproduce.